Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform"

CARESNOT LISTED
Scientific size5.5 in14 cm total length
Temperature75–82 °F24–28 °C
pH7.7–8.6alkaline
Hardness (GH)very hardup to 446 ppm
Depth33–131 ft10–40 m
DietPresumed benthic invertivore, possibly including hard-shelled prey such as molluscs given its rounded, molar-like teeth; not directly documented for this form.
Breedingmaternal mouthbroodernot documented for this form; modest, genus-typical
Sexual dimorphismYesDichromatism assumed on general Malawi cichlid grounds; the specific pattern for this form is not documented.
PhotographsSee photosGoogle Images →
For the aquarist

Replicate this biotopei

Target water

Temperature75.2–82.4 °F
pH7.7–8.6alkaline
Hardnessvery hardup to 446 ppm

Recommended tank

Standard aquarium75-gallon48 × 18 × 21 in · 75 gal (284 L)

Aquascape & setup

Hard, alkaline, well-buffered water of the kind that defines Lake Malawi — stability matters more than chasing a single number.

Build the hardscape first: stacked rock with caves, crevices and sight-lines breaks up territories the way a rocky shoreline does in the wild. Open swimming room, bright light and strong, well-oxygenated flow round it out. A fine sand bed reads as natural and is kind to digging mouths.

Biotope tankmates

Other fish recorded from Lake Malawi, of broadly compatible size — a starting shortlist, not a stocking plan. Always check temperament and territory before mixing.

Hybridization watchi

Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform" is an undescribed cichlid recorded at Chipoka on the central-western Malawian shore of Lake Malawi. It belongs to the informal "tetraspilus" complex, a group of deep-bodied, four-spotted Otopharynx forms that fisheries researchers recognised well before they had formal names, several of which the ichthyologist Michael Oliver has since split into described species; "Molariform" flags rounded, molar-like teeth reported for this particular population, a dental feature distinguishing it from other members of the complex.

What's in the name

Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform"oh-toh-FAIR-inks, species "tet-rah-SPY-lus moh-LAR-ih-form"

Descriptive nameA descriptive epithet — neither an eponym nor a place name.
Otopharynx
  • otosGreekear
  • pharynxGreekthroat — together referring to features of the pharyngeal (throat) bones used in the genus's original description
tetraspilus
  • tetraGreekfour
  • spilosGreekspot — together "four-spot," an informal field label applied to a complex of deep-bodied Otopharynx before several were formally split into described species
"Molariform"
  • molarisLatinmillstone / grinding tooth (molar)
  • formaLatinshape — together "molar-shaped," describing rounded, grinding tooth crowns reported for this population. As an undescribed form it has no formal species name.

Taxonomy & naming

Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform" has no describing author, no publication date, and no entry under a validated name in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. Its name traces to "tetraspilus," an informal field label — Greek for "four-spot" — that fisheries researchers such as George Turner (1996) and Snoeks and Hanssens (2004) applied to a group of deep-bodied Otopharynx recorded from trawl surveys in the southeast arm and elsewhere, well before any of them had been formally described. Michael Oliver's 2018 revision split several of these long-recognised trawl forms into new species, among them Otopharynx alpha and Otopharynx peridodeka, both of which were themselves once known under informal "tetraspilus"-type field tags. The qualifier "Molariform" — from molar, describing rounded, grinding tooth crowns rather than the more typical pointed cichlid tooth — flags a dental character reported for this particular Chipoka population, distinguishing it from other members of the informal complex; whether it represents a further distinct species within the group has not been resolved by any published study.

Morphology

As implied by its trade name, this form is expected to share the deep-bodied build and multi-spot melanic pattern typical of the "tetraspilus" complex — a group whose described members, including O. alpha and O. peridodeka, carry the discrete suprapectoral, supra-anal, and caudal-peduncle blotches used by Oliver (2018) to diagnose the genus more broadly. The "Molariform" tag points to a distinguishing dental feature: rounded, molar-like teeth rather than the finer, pointed teeth typical of most Otopharynx, a character sometimes associated in cichlids with crushing hard-shelled prey such as molluscs, though this specific dietary link has not been documented for this population. Genus-typical size for mid-sized Otopharynx runs to roughly 4.5–6 in total length; no validated maximum has been recorded for this form.

Habitat

The form is recorded from a single point at Chipoka, a town on the central-western Malawian shore near Senga Bay. Members of the informal "tetraspilus" complex have historically been documented from trammel-net and bottom-trawl surveys over open sand and mixed substrate rather than from shallow diving observation on rocky reef, and this population is presumed to occupy a broadly similar sand-associated habitat, though its precise depth range has not been published. Surrounding water is warm, hard, and alkaline, consistent with Lake Malawi's littoral zone throughout.

Feeding

Rounded, molar-like teeth of the kind implied by this form's "Molariform" tag are, in cichlids generally, often associated with crushing hard-shelled invertebrate prey such as molluscs or ostracods rather than with grazing algae or striking soft-bodied prey. Whether this population specialises on such prey has not been confirmed by any published feeding study; the tooth shape is documented, but the resulting diet is inferred rather than directly observed. A benthic invertivorous diet broadly consistent with other members of the "tetraspilus" complex is the most reasonable working assumption.

Mating

Breeding behaviour has not been documented specifically for this form. By analogy with other Otopharynx and the wider Lake Malawi haplochromine assemblage, males are expected to hold a breeding territory over sand or mixed substrate and display breeding colour to attract passing females, following the general haplochromine courtship pattern. No field account of courtship exists specifically for this form or, in most cases, for other members of the informal "tetraspilus" complex, historically known mainly from trawl-survey specimens rather than live field observation.

Breeding

As in all Lake Malawi haplochromines, reproduction is by maternal mouthbrooding: the female carries the fertilised eggs and subsequent fry in her mouth, without normal feeding, for several weeks until they are large enough to be released as independent, free-swimming young. The male takes no further role after spawning. Clutch size and brooding duration have not been documented for this specific form; genus-typical figures for mid-sized Otopharynx suggest a modest clutch and a brooding period of roughly three to four weeks.

In the aquarium

Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform" is a rare fish in the aquarium trade, consistent with the wider "tetraspilus" complex's history as a set of trawl-survey specimens rather than an established hobby line. A tank should provide a sand substrate with modest rockwork, reflecting its likely sand-associated habitat, along with open swimming space. Water chemistry should follow the Lake Malawi standard — hard and alkaline, pH roughly 7.7 to 8.6, temperature 75–82 °F. Diet should include a quality cichlid pellet supplemented with harder-shelled foods such as snails or crushed shellfish, given the dental character its trade name implies, alongside standard live or frozen invertebrates such as bloodworm.

Conservation

Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform" has not been evaluated by the IUCN and, as an undescribed form, has no Red List status of any kind. Its documented range is limited to a single point at Chipoka, on an accessible part of the central Malawian shore, but no population assessment or targeted study has been published for this specific form. Other members of the informal "tetraspilus" complex have, on being formally described, sometimes proven to have narrower ranges than initially assumed from scattered trawl records, so caution rather than either alarm or reassurance is the appropriate stance in the absence of a formal assessment.

Sources

  1. malawi.si — Otopharynx sp. "tetraspilus molariform" (Konings-based species database; Chipoka record)
  2. Oliver, M.K., 2018 — Six New Species of the Cichlid Genus Otopharynx from Lake Malaŵi (splits informal "tetraspilus"-type field forms, incl. O. alpha, O. peridodeka)
  3. Konings, A. — Malawi Cichlids in their Natural Habitat (Cichlid Press; foremost Malawi field authority)

Last reviewed 2026-07-23.

How to cite

Aquarist Atlas (2026). Otopharynx sp. "Tetraspilus Molariform". Aquarist Atlas. https://www.aquaristatlas.com/species/otopharynx-sp-tetraspilus-molariform/

Where it has been recorded

1 georeferenced records (GBIF). Each point is a field observation or museum specimen — pan and zoom to explore where this species turns up. The coordinates come straight from GBIF and are often rounded or tied to the nearest town or river landing, so a dot can sit just beside the actual water rather than in it; the fish aren't on dry land.

Literature occurrence: 1
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